Goddess coins of Carthage: Tanit, Dea Caelestis, the Celestial Goddess

Dea Caelestis riding on lion with a sceptre in one hand and a frame drum in the other (which is rarely depicted). Beneath her a stream of water flowing from rocks. Gold coin of Caracalla, ca 201-206 ce 

The inscription reads, "INDVLGENTIA AVGG IN CARTH (‘the indulgence of the Augusti towards Carthage’), [which] suggests Septimius Severus and Caracalla made improvements to Carthage, the North African capital to the west of the imperial family’s native Tripolitana.." [Obviously this is not SW Asia, as the section header says, but I put it in with the rest of the Goddess coins].

Many coins depicting Dea Caelestis were struck under the Roman empire. Which has a certain irony, given that Rome had razed Carthage and sown it with salt to prevent it from rising again, four centuries before. They built temples to her, too, not least the temple of Iuno Caelestis which was later converted into the church of Santa Maria de Ara in Coeli (keeping the name of the "altar of heaven").

Carthage did rise again, though never to its previous power. But the Carthaginians rebuilt the temple of Tanit, now under her Latin name, and it was huge. I'll have to quote from The Imperial Church, the still unpublished Vol V of my series Secret History of the Witches:

"In Tunisia, the temples of Carthage were destroyed in 399, all except the mile-long temple of Tanit Caelestis. The bishop of Carthage sat on the throne of Caelestis and declared her temple a cathedral. But the pagans clung to a prophecy that the goddess would restore her temple. Augustine marveled, “How great was the power of the goddess Caelestis in Carthage!” [Chuvin, 73] The people revered her as the “Lady,” “Most Holy,” “Eternal,” “Mother of Heaven.”

"Her temple proved impossible to convert to a cathedral. The bishop discovered that large numbers of those attending Christian services were actually there to worship Caelestis, as Salvian of Marseilles related. So in 421 the bishop finally ordered the building to be razed, a task that required armed imperial troops."

Dea Caelestis - the ancient City Goddess of Carthage

Dinar coin of Roman emperor Septimius Severus (who was from Leptis Magna in Libya, 193-211 ce.

Dea Celestis rides on a lion, holding a sceptre and thunderbolt, and wearing the mural crown (city walls denoting her protective power). Below her, flowing water springs from a group of rocks

"At first she must be distinguished from the goddess Dea Syria [the "Syrian Goddess"]. Dea Syria belongs to the ambit of Kybele-Rhea and has nothing to deal with our goddess. Dea Caelestis is nothing else than the ancient city-goddess of Carthage. Her old name was Tanut or more correctly Tinit. [I stick with Tanit.] ... But before Septimius she is not known outside of Africa. ... Her Roman temple stood inside the Pomerium, the sacred district of Rome, on the Northern part of the Palatine. Her cult was on top of all other foreign cults. Here we find orgiastic activities as they were usual for Tinit. Naturally it came to a mixture with similar deities, e.g.. with Kybele who was depicted with lions and drums too.

"Tinit beside Baal Hammon was the main goddess of Carthage. Probably she came from Libya because her name has Berber reminiscences and in Phoenicia were found no confirmations [by which he means that no inscriptions to Tanit discovered in Lebanon, although her familiar icon is]. By political-religious reforms during the 4th century BC she came on the top of the Carthagean pantheon. Partly uranic, partly chthonic, she was Heavens Goddess, Moon and Fertility Goddess with the symbols crescent, palm, dove, pomegranate etc. She was associated with Hera and Demeter, was called 'Mother', but was Death Goddess too with Hermes Psychopompos. ... With the Punic expansion her cult spread to Sicily, Sardinia, Malta and Spain. To the Roman Imperial cult she was introduced not before Elagabal.

He mentions the common claim that babies "were sacrificed to Tanit and Baal Hammon." But at least he adds, since this has been challenged, "The sacrifice of small children may also have been Roman atrocity propanda." These charges go back many centuries earlier, to biblical claims that children were sacrificed down the maw of "Mammon." (Related to that famous quote, "Thou cannot serve both god and Mammon." Feminist researchers bring forward the high rates of child mortality which may explain burial of children in jars inscribed to Tanit in the tophet cemeteries of Carthage and its colonies in Sicily and Sardinia.

Stela honoring Tanit in her somewhat ankh-shaped abstract form, with the crescent moon and planet Venus sign associated with Ashtart. Tanit blends Phoenician aspects of Ashtart with an indigenous Amazigh goddess of Tunisia.

Dea Caelistis, dashing on lion, with drum and sceptre. Coin of Roman emperor Commodus, 258 ce

Tanit / Caelestis, coin of emperor Caracalla

Dea Caelestis in her temple at Carthage, one of the largest in the ancient Mediterranean, before christian demolished it in the early 500s CE. Coin of emperor Maxentius.

Tanit of Carthage in Zeugitana (the coastal region colonized by Phoenicians, from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. On this electrum coin, 1.5 shekels, she is indistinguishable from Ceres, Juno, or other Greco-Roman goddesses, especially as depicted in southern Italy and Sicily.

Complete and Continue  
Discussion

0 comments