Old Woman of the Forest: Chala Paccho, Jahira Buru, and more

In my notes of decades ago, crone goddesses stand out in some Adivasi (aboriginal) traditions of India. One is Chala Paccho of the Oraon or Kurukh tribe in eastern India (Odisha, Jarkhand, and West Bengal). Her name means Old Woman of the Grove. In contradicton to the source below, my lost source described her as "head of all deities and spirits," and says she lives in a great stone set below the main tree in the grove. The Kurush speak a Dravidian language, but this veneration of the Grove Grandmother extends also to the Munda peoples in the region, who call her Jahira Buru. They picture her as an old woman with matted white hair and a staff.

Other traditions refer to Ban Sapti Mā, Forest Mother, or Vana Durga, "Durga of the Forest."

I found more info about Chala Paccho in Tribes of Jharkahnd; her veneration described here is among the Santhals

"Among the many important deities, the Chala-pacho Devi (Sarna Devi) is among the most important and most respected deity. The Gram Devi [village goddess] Chala-Pachho is a caring old age lady with beautifully flowing white hair. It is believed that the Sal tree is the holy abode of the Sarna Devi, the mother goddess that protects and nurtures the Oraon tribe and others. On the occasion of Sarhul festival, the Pahan [male priest] conducts special puja of the Devi. According to Sarna Dharam, the Devi lives in the wooden soop of Pahan kept at Chala-Kutti place, the auspicious place at Pahan's home. At Kutti place, one stick made up of Saal wood or Bamboo Wood is fixed on the ground, on this respected wooden soop called Sarna-Soop, the Sarna-Devi resides. [This is a displacement of the original shrine, a stone at the base of the largest or most sacred tree in the forest.]

"Tribals perform rituals under the Sal trees at a place called ‘Sarna Sthal’, it is also known as ‘Jaher’ (sacred grove); it resembles a small forest patch. In Oraons’ villages, one can easily find the sacred religious place the ‘Sarna Sthal’ that has holy Sal trees and other trees planted at the site. Sometimes the Jaher are located inside the nearby forest area and not in the village.

"This Sarna Sthal (Jaher [=grove]) is a common religious place for the whole village and almost all the important socio-religious ceremonies of the village take place at this place only. These ceremonies are performed by the whole village community at a public gathering with the active participation of village priests known as ‘Pahan’. The chief assistant of village priest is called ‘Pujaar’ or ‘Panbhara’

"The tribals have their own way of conscience, faith and belief. Basically, they believe in the supernatural spirit called the Singbonga. According to the belief of the Santhal community, the world is inhabited by spiritual beings of different kinds; and the Santhals consider themselves as living and doing everything in close association with these supernatural beings. They perform rituals under the Sal trees at a place called "Jaher" (sacred grove). Often the Jaher can be found in the forests. They believe in Bonga's appearance in Sal trees and have named their religion "Sarna."

"The genesis of the Sarna religion is interesting. According to the mythology of the Santhal community, the Santhal tribals had gone to the forest for hunting and they started the discussion about their ‘Creator and Savior’ while they were resting under a tree. They questioned themselves that who is their God? Whether the Sun, the Wind or the Cloud? Finally, they came to a conclusion that they would leave an arrow in the sky and wherever the arrow would target that will be the God's house. They left an arrow in the sky; it fell down under a Sal tree. They started worshiping the tree and named their religion as "Sarna" because it is derived from a Sal tree. Thus, Sarna religion came into existence. There are priests and an assistant priests called "Naikey" and "Kudam Naike" in every Santhal village."

Above, from Ethnobotany of India, Volume 5. The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India By K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur · 2017, p. xli.

They don't say this, but the spirit of that Sal tree is the Old Woman of the Forest. The sacredness of the Sal goes back a long, long way. It is in the name of the Salabhaniyika, a kind of Yakshi named after the tree, who appears in countless sculptures, especially in northeast India.

Dance of Sarna people (name properly refers to their religion) in Jharkhand.

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